Transcript: Women, Work and the Modern American Family

ARCHIVAL (ABC, 5-13-12):
NEWS ANCHOR: Let the mommy wars begin…

ARCHIVAL (THE JENNY JONES SHOW, 1991-1992):
JENNY JONES: Full time job or full time mom, what is a mother to do?

ARCHIVAL (NBC, 2-18-91):
NEWS ANCHOR: Which comes first, the job – or the family?

NARRATION: Since the 1990s it’s been hard to watch coverage of parenting without hearing about America’s ceaseless, so-called mommy wars, between employed mothers and those who stay at home.

ARCHIVAL (ABC, GOOD MORNING AMERICA, 10-17-09):
NEWS ANCHOR: Do we really put our kids at risk every time we head to the office?

NARRATION: Today, 70 percent of U.S. mothers work outside the home. They’ve become a mainstay of the American labor force.

ARCHIVAL (C-SPAN, 5-18-15):
CAROLINE FREDERICKSON (AUTHOR OF “UNDER THE BUS: HOW WORKING WOMEN ARE BEING RUN OVER”): We have to address the facts that women are working, and it’s very unlikely we’re gonna go back to a situation where women don’t work in such high numbers.

ARCHIVAL (THE OPRAH WINFREY SHOW, 1-23-07):
OPRAH WINFREY: For most of the mothers in this world, there isn’t an option.

NARRATION: What if this war we’ve heard so much about actually isn’t?

ELLEN GOODMAN (COLUMNIST, THE BOSTON GLOBE, 1974-2010): The vocabulary we’ve been handed is one of debate, conflict, and it’s war. I mean, war?

ARCHIVAL (ABC, WORLD NEWS TONIGHT, 10-5-83):
NEWS ANCHOR: It is dinner time in a lot of American households. For many mothers who now work as well as fathers, it is often the first time in many hours they have seen their children. It is a problem.

ARCHIVAL (NBC, NIGHTLY NEWS 10-22-90):
NEWS ANCHOR: American women trying to have it all, a job and a family.

ARCHIVAL (NBC, NIGHTLY NEWS 2-26-99):
NEWS ANCHOR: When young children are involved, there’s the question: Would the kids be better off if their mothers stayed home with them?

NARRATION: For decades, anxiety about working moms has been a staple of our public conversation about parenting. By the 1990s, when three quarters of U.S. moms held jobs, working mothers like Brigid Schulte still faced a cultural headwind.

BRIGID SCHULTE (AUTHOR OF “OVERWHELMED: WORK, LOVE AND PLAY WHEN NO ONE HAS THE TIME”): To be a working parent at that time was to feel really awful every day when you left the house. I felt really polluted by guilt. I’m spending all this time at work, and then I come home. So I must not be devoting all this time and energy to my kids, or I’m not doing the same thing that my mother did.

ARCHIVAL (CNN, SONYA, 1991-1992):
NEWS REPORT: Must you stay at home in order to raise a successful and happy child?

BRIGID SCHULTE: You couldn’t go very far without seeing some kind of headline about mothers, in particular, abandoning their children.

ARCHIVAL (1991-1992):
WOMAN: A child needs a mother…

ARCHIVAL (1991-1992):
WOMAN: I think it’s very important that I work.

ARCHIVAL (1991-1992):
WOMAN: Don’t condemn me because I choose my kids as my job.

ARCHIVAL (THE JENNY JONES SHOW, 1991-92):
JENNY JONES: We’re in the middle of mommy wars here on the show.

BRIGID SCHULTE: At the heart of the mommy wars is a sense of ambivalence about our choices, that we’re not really quite sure that going to work is the right thing. We’re not really quite sure that staying home is the right thing.

NARRATION: And few talking points crystallized the worry better than a single, eye-popping statistic.

ARCHIVAL (PBS, DOCUMENTARY, “RUNNING OUT OF TIME” 1994):
NEWS REPORT: Parents today spend about 40 percent less time with their children than they did a generation ago.

ARCHIVAL (C-SPAN, 2-10-92):
LOUIS SULLIVAN (HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES SECRETARY): 40 percent less time …

ARCHIVAL (THE LARRY KING SHOW, 7-8-92):
BRENDA HUNTER: 40 percent less time with their families…

BRIGID SCHULTE: When that statistic comes out that says: Guess what? All of your fears are true. That just hit like a bomb.

NARRATION: The number came from William Mattox, then an analyst with the Family Research Council. In editorials, policy papers and interviews, he highlighted parenting studies alongside all kinds of social ills.

ARCHIVAL (PBS, DOCUMENTARY, “RUNNING OUT OF TIME” 1994):
WILLIAM MATTOX: We’re living in an age, after all, with high teen sexuality, high teen pregnancy, AIDS, violence in schools. This is a very, very different sort of environment in which children are being raised.

NARRATION: Mattox attributed his 40 percent number to John Robinson, a University of Maryland sociologist. There was just one problem.

JOHN ROBINSON (SOCIOLOGIST, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND): I said, where do people get this number? It doesn’t make any sense.

NARRATION: William Mattox declined to go on camera, but he told us he calculated the figure by taking 1965 childcare time figures from this book by John Robinson, and comparing them to what he thought were 1985 numbers Robinson had summarized in this magazine article. But Robinson’s article contained mistakes that made the 1985 numbers appear falsely low, and Mattox never checked the underlying data.

JOHN ROBINSON: So since then, whenever anybody’s called and asked about it I’ve corrected them that in fact, this was absolutely an erroneous conclusion.

NARRATION: But that false statistic fueled the conventional wisdom.

ARCHIVAL (PBS, NEWSHOUR, 6-17-96):
ROY ROMER (GOVERNOR OF COLORADO): We spend 40 percent less time as parents with children than we did a generation ago.

ARCHIVAL (C-SPAN, 5-23-99):
PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON: Because more and more parents are working outside the home, they have less and less time for their children…

STEPHANIE COONTZ (HISTORIAN AND AUTHOR OF “THE WAY WE NEVER WERE”): It resonated for people, because we were used to this idea that women were supposed to be staying home and taking care of their kids.

ARCHIVAL (THE LARRY KING SHOW, 7-8-92):
BRENDA HUNTER: Children are starving for attention from their parents.

ARCHIVAL (CNN, CRIER & COMPANY, 3-3-92):
CATHERINE CRIER: Am I hearing a call for working mothers to go back home?

NARRATION: Yet much of the media narrative about perceived harm that working mothers inflict on kids has missed a surprising fact.

MELISSA MILKIE (SOCIOLOGIST, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO): Over time, we’ve seen something really amazing and dramatic in American parenting. That is, particularly for mothers, they have marched out into the labor force in great numbers, and they have done this at the same time they are increasing their time with children in what we call primary care time.

NARRATION: That’s right. Parenting time is increasing. By analyzing time diary data from parents, Milkie found that working mothers by 2000 spent as much time interacting with their children — that’s reading and playing with their kids, changing and feeding them— as stay-at-home moms did in back 1975. And over the years, even total time with kids has gone up on average.

MELISSA MILKIE: How could this possibly be? Mothers have given up other things. Housework, some of their leisure time, a little bit of sleep. There’s less spouse time among married parents. So lots of changes have added up to this amazing feat of mothers spending the same or more time with their kids than they did in the past.

NARRATION: And some historians say mothers having full days free to devote just to their kids are a more recent development than you might think.

STEPHANIE COONTZ: Throughout most of history, moms did not spend a lot of time with their kids. People worked on farms or small businesses. It wasn’t until the 1920s that a bare majority of children transferred into families where the man earned the income and in the 1950s we began to think of it as the traditional family.

ARCHIVAL (LEAVE IT TO BEAVER, 1958):
HUGH BEAUMONT (TO SON): A woman’s place is in the home, and I suppose as long as she’s in the home she might as well be in the kitchen…

STEPHANIE COONTZ: People have been looking at the “Leave it to Beaver” reruns that have a wife just waiting for all the kids to come home. When I interview kids raised in those homes, their women were much too busy doing housework – mopping floors, preparing for the husband to come home – to spend much developmental time with them.

NARRATION: More recently, sociologist Amy Hsin has studied the impact that time spent parenting has on kids.

AMY HSIN (SOCIOLOGIST, QUEENS COLLEGE, CUNY): There’s so much anxiety, so much emphasis placed on spending enough time with your children.What we find is that sheer quantity of time doesn’t really matter. It’s really the specific types of activities you do with that time that matter.

NARRATION: Hsin and her colleagues found that reading with children, sharing meals with them, interacting with them, does of course, have benefits. But so do other things.

AMY HSIN: Parental education really matters. Growing up in a safe neighborhood matters. Attending a good school matters. The effect of time is a drop in the bucket if you consider the whole set of factors that actually have meaningful impact for children.

NARRATION: And preoccupation with mothers’ time has contributed to the enduring one-sidedness of our public conversations about raising kids.

ELLEN GOODMAN (COLUMNIST, THE BOSTON GLOBE, 1974-2010): What about the fathers? We kind of let them off the hook.

BRIGID SCHULTE: Nobody was telling fathers that it was time for them to leave work earlier or spend more time with their kids. Nobody was telling fathers that they needed to quit their jobs, that they weren’t doing the right thing with their lives.

NARRATION: Since 1965, married fathers have nearly tripled the amount of childcare they do, good news that’s tempered by one nagging fact.

PAUL RAEBURN (AUTHOR OF “DO FATHERS MATTER?”): Mothers still spend almost twice as much time with their kids as fathers do, but the gap is shrinking. And we should encourage families to make sure that gap shrinks and disappears.

NARRATION: Research suggests that fathers taking part in childcare produce a whole host of benefits for children, from better language skills to more empathy. And fathers who get involved early tend to stay that way.

PAUL RAEBURN: Fathers are important emotionally to children. Fathers are important in terms of play and the time they spend with them. Fathers who spend time with their kids, even from the very earliest moments after birth, are likely to have better connections, things that can last a lifetime.

BRIGID SCHULTE: In those early moments when the baby first comes home, that’s when the family dynamics get set. What’s the one policy change that could really make a difference for, for women, for work in family, for gender issues? And more than anything I’ll say, parental leave for dads. Solo parental leave for dads.

NARRATION: And some argue that discussion of those kinds of policies has been overshadowed in decades of debate over whether or not individual women should be working.

ELLEN GOODMAN: Because we’re featuring mommies throwing food at each other, we’re not talking about the need for universal child care, the need for flexible hours. We haven’t had a real significant piece of national policy since the Family and Medical Leave Act, which was 25 years ago.

BRIGID SCHULTE: And the fact that so many people are combining work and family is a real testament to individual families and their ingenuity, because our companies, our culture and our, our national policies don’t make it easy.

ARCHIVAL:
NEWS ANCHOR: Stay-at-home moms.

ELLEN GOODMAN: The mommy wars is very parallel to the way the media covers everything. Conflict R. Us, you know. Let’s put it all in terms of a conflict.

ARCHIVAL (THE DR. PHIL SHOW, 10-14-09):
DR. PHIL: You think working moms are selfish.

ARCHIVAL (CNN, ANDERSON LIVE, 1-11-12):
ANDERSON COOPER: You’re saying stay-at-home moms are lazy?

ELLEN GOODMAN: The media only does feelings that are absolute certainties hurled at each other. And that’s what happened with the mommy wars.

(END)