Lesson Plan: Sovereignty or Strategy? The U.S. Decision to Transfer the Panama Canal
Grades 7-12
In 1903, Panama declared independence from Colombia and was recognized by the United States. Later that year, the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty granted the U.S. rights to build and administer the Panama Canal and the surrounding Canal Zone, including its defenses. The treaty specified U.S. control of the Canal Zone without a fixed end date, while other provisions were limited to a 99-year lease. The agreement was criticized by many Panamanians, who viewed it as incompatible with the country’s sovereignty. In 1964, clashes between Panamanian students and U.S. residents of the Canal Zone over flag-raising rights led to four days of unrest and 25 deaths. The episode intensified diplomatic efforts that culminated in treaties transferring full control of the canal to Panama by 1999.
Sign up to instantly access
free resources for teachers
With 300+ short-form documentaries and dozens of educator-approved lesson plans, Retro Report brings history to life in your classroom.
Register for free to access classroom materials and student activities.
Already have an account? Sign In.
Thank you for registering!
